When the intestine is infected, symptoms usually start 12 to 48 hours after the bacteria are ingested. Nausea and crampy abdominal pain occur, soon followed by watery diarrhea, fever, and vomiting. Salmonella symptoms resolve in 1 to 4 days. Occasionally, symptoms are more severe and last a long time. Long after symptoms are gone, a few people continue to excrete the bacteria in their stool.
Such people are called carriers. Joint pain This disorder causes pain and swelling, usually in the hips, knees, and Achilles tendon which connects the heel bone and calf muscle. Other symptoms may develop if bacteremia develops and infection spreads. For example, if a bone is infected, the area over it is often tender or painful. If a heart valve is infected, people may feel short of breath. If the aorta is infected, the back and abdomen may be painful. People usually recover well.
Exceptions are people who had a disorder, particularly one that weakens the immune system, before the Salmonella infection or who have a complication due to the infection. To diagnose a Salmonella infection, doctors take a sample of stool, pus, or blood or use a swab to obtain a sample from the rectum.
The sample is sent to a laboratory where bacteria, if present, can be grown cultured. Identifying the bacteria in the sample confirms the diagnosis. Bacteria are also tested to see which antibiotics are effective a process called susceptibility testing Testing of a Microorganism's Susceptibility and Sensitivity to Antimicrobial Drugs Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Doctors suspect an infection based on the person's symptoms, physical examination results, Not eating or drinking foods that contain raw eggs or raw unpasteurized milk, such as cookie dough, Hollandaise sauce, or certain homemade salad dressings. Washing hands, kitchen work surfaces, and utensils with soap and water immediately after they have touched raw meat or poultry.
Washing hands with soap after touching reptiles, birds, or baby chicks and after contact with feces of a pet. Special precautions are needed for people at high risk, such as young children.
For example, because reptiles such as turtles , chicks, and other young birds are particularly likely to have Salmonella , young children should not be allowed to handle these animals, and reptiles should not be in the same house as infants. Certain infections are common when traveling to certain areas, and many people are most There is no vaccine to prevent salmonellosis, although there are vaccines for typhoid fever Vaccination Typhoid fever is caused by certain types of the gram-negative bacteria Salmonella.
Salmonella intestinal infection is treated with fluids given by mouth or, for severe infection, intravenously. Antibiotics do not shorten recovery time for people with Salmonella intestinal infection and may result in bacteria being excreted in the stool longer. Therefore, antibiotics are usually not given. However, people at risk of bacteremia such as older residents of a nursing home, infants, and people with HIV infection and people with implanted devices or materials such as an artificial joint or heart valve or a blood vessel graft are given antibiotics.
They may be given ciprofloxacin , azithromycin , or ceftriaxone for several days. People with bacteremia are given antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone for about 2 weeks. If bacteremia persists, antibiotics are given for 4 to 6 weeks. If the aorta, a heart valve, or other areas such as joints are infected, surgery is usually required, and antibiotics are given for weeks or months. The Typhi serotype spreads from the small intestines to the bloodstream and infects the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.
There are no vaccines for salmonellosis, but vaccines for typhoid fever are given to travelers going to countries where outbreaks are frequent. These vaccines, however, are not perfect and are more effective when questionable foods and drinks are avoided. Antibiotics, specifically ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, are given to patients with typhoid fever or severe salmonellosis. Some serotypes have developed some antibiotics resistance due to its use in feed animals.
Administering intravenous fluids and electrolytes can remedy severe dehydration due to diarrhea. Symptoms of salmonellosis begin 12 to 72 hours after infection and include nausea, diarrhea, fever, headaches, abdominal cramps, and vomiting.
Salmonellosis usually lasts days without treatment. A longer duration can lead to severe dehydration or the infection spreading into the bloodstream and other organs, which can cause death. When the infection is over, some people with salmonellosis develop Reiter's syndrome, characterized by joint pains, eye irritation, and painful urination that can last for months or years and lead to chronic arthritis.
Different from salmonellosis, typhoid fever is characterized by fever, headache, constipation, weakness, chills, muscle ache, and a rash of flat, rose-colored spots in some cases. Chemically, it attracts phagocytes, white blood cells that kill bad bacteria.
Salmonella has the ability to punch through the tight links of cells that make up the intestinal wall, using an arsenal of proteins and toxins it can inject into cells. Sun said scientists always thought AvrA was one of these, but, as her team reported June 4 in the online journal PloS One , AvrA actually has an opposite function.
The study found that AvrA can maintain the tight structure of cell junctions in the intestinal cells, she said. AvrA temporarily stops salmonella from breaking apart the cell links. Because the bug doesn't damage tissue during this phase, there's no inflammatory response. Instead, salmonella is mostly left alone, free to grow and multiply into a formidable invasion force. Only then does it break through the intestinal walls, beginning its reign of terror and making you sick.
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